diff --git a/include/fc/crypto/ripemd160.hpp b/include/fc/crypto/ripemd160.hpp
index 389d677..58d8b18 100644
--- a/include/fc/crypto/ripemd160.hpp
+++ b/include/fc/crypto/ripemd160.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
-
+#include <boost/endian/buffers.hpp>
 #include <fc/fwd.hpp>
 #include <fc/io/raw_fwd.hpp>
 #include <fc/reflect/typename.hpp>
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ripemd160
     friend bool      operator >  ( const ripemd160& h1, const ripemd160& h2 );
     friend bool      operator <  ( const ripemd160& h1, const ripemd160& h2 );
 
-    uint32_t _hash[5];
+    boost::endian::little_uint32_buf_t _hash[5];
 };
 
 namespace raw {
diff --git a/include/fc/crypto/sha1.hpp b/include/fc/crypto/sha1.hpp
index 46b76e4..7209231 100644
--- a/include/fc/crypto/sha1.hpp
+++ b/include/fc/crypto/sha1.hpp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
+#include <boost/endian/buffers.hpp>
 #include <fc/fwd.hpp>
 
 #include <functional>
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class sha1
     friend bool   operator >  ( const sha1& h1, const sha1& h2 ); 
     friend bool   operator <  ( const sha1& h1, const sha1& h2 ); 
                              
-    uint32_t _hash[5]; 
+    boost::endian::little_uint32_buf_t _hash[5];
 };
 
   class variant;
diff --git a/include/fc/crypto/sha224.hpp b/include/fc/crypto/sha224.hpp
index 490e005..772e9f6 100644
--- a/include/fc/crypto/sha224.hpp
+++ b/include/fc/crypto/sha224.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <unordered_map>
+#include <boost/endian/buffers.hpp>
 #include <fc/fwd.hpp>
 #include <fc/io/raw_fwd.hpp>
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class sha224
     friend bool   operator >  ( const sha224& h1, const sha224& h2 ); 
     friend bool   operator <  ( const sha224& h1, const sha224& h2 ); 
                              
-    uint32_t _hash[7]; 
+    boost::endian::little_uint32_buf_t _hash[7];
 };
 
 namespace raw {
diff --git a/include/fc/crypto/sha256.hpp b/include/fc/crypto/sha256.hpp
index 353fc3a..a382ad0 100644
--- a/include/fc/crypto/sha256.hpp
+++ b/include/fc/crypto/sha256.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
+#include <boost/endian/buffers.hpp>
 #include <fc/fwd.hpp>
-#include <fc/platform_independence.hpp>
+#include <fc/string.hpp>
 #include <fc/io/raw_fwd.hpp>
 
 namespace fc
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class sha256
     friend bool   operator >  ( const sha256& h1, const sha256& h2 ); 
     friend bool   operator <  ( const sha256& h1, const sha256& h2 ); 
 
-    uint64_t _hash[4];
+    boost::endian::little_uint64_buf_t _hash[4];
 };
 
 namespace raw {
diff --git a/include/fc/crypto/sha512.hpp b/include/fc/crypto/sha512.hpp
index 9751a56..10c9ea0 100644
--- a/include/fc/crypto/sha512.hpp
+++ b/include/fc/crypto/sha512.hpp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
+#include <boost/endian/buffers.hpp>
 #include <fc/fwd.hpp>
 
 namespace fc
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ class sha512
     friend bool   operator >  ( const sha512& h1, const sha512& h2 ); 
     friend bool   operator <  ( const sha512& h1, const sha512& h2 ); 
                              
-    uint64_t _hash[8]; 
+    boost::endian::little_uint64_buf_t _hash[8];
 };
 
 namespace raw {
diff --git a/src/crypto/ripemd160.cpp b/src/crypto/ripemd160.cpp
index b76de34..fe6c588 100644
--- a/src/crypto/ripemd160.cpp
+++ b/src/crypto/ripemd160.cpp
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ ripemd160 operator << ( const ripemd160& h1, uint32_t i ) {
 }
 ripemd160 operator ^ ( const ripemd160& h1, const ripemd160& h2 ) {
   ripemd160 result;
-  result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0] ^ h2._hash[0];
-  result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1] ^ h2._hash[1];
-  result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2] ^ h2._hash[2];
-  result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3] ^ h2._hash[3];
-  result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4] ^ h2._hash[4];
+  result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0].value() ^ h2._hash[0].value();
+  result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1].value() ^ h2._hash[1].value();
+  result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2].value() ^ h2._hash[2].value();
+  result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3].value() ^ h2._hash[3].value();
+  result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4].value() ^ h2._hash[4].value();
   return result;
 }
 bool operator >= ( const ripemd160& h1, const ripemd160& h2 ) {
diff --git a/src/crypto/sha1.cpp b/src/crypto/sha1.cpp
index 983edc4..d8337e5 100644
--- a/src/crypto/sha1.cpp
+++ b/src/crypto/sha1.cpp
@@ -60,11 +60,11 @@ sha1 operator << ( const sha1& h1, uint32_t i ) {
 }
 sha1 operator ^ ( const sha1& h1, const sha1& h2 ) {
   sha1 result;
-  result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0] ^ h2._hash[0];
-  result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1] ^ h2._hash[1];
-  result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2] ^ h2._hash[2];
-  result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3] ^ h2._hash[3];
-  result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4] ^ h2._hash[4];
+  result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0].value() ^ h2._hash[0].value();
+  result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1].value() ^ h2._hash[1].value();
+  result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2].value() ^ h2._hash[2].value();
+  result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3].value() ^ h2._hash[3].value();
+  result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4].value() ^ h2._hash[4].value();
   return result;
 }
 bool operator >= ( const sha1& h1, const sha1& h2 ) {
diff --git a/src/crypto/sha224.cpp b/src/crypto/sha224.cpp
index b1096b6..54be117 100644
--- a/src/crypto/sha224.cpp
+++ b/src/crypto/sha224.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace fc {
     sha224 operator ^ ( const sha224& h1, const sha224& h2 ) {
       sha224 result;
       for( uint32_t i = 0; i < 7; ++i )
-         result._hash[i] = h1._hash[i] ^ h2._hash[i];
+         result._hash[i] = h1._hash[i].value() ^ h2._hash[i].value();
       return result;
     }
     bool operator >= ( const sha224& h1, const sha224& h2 ) {
diff --git a/src/crypto/sha256.cpp b/src/crypto/sha256.cpp
index db0a18a..6d35035 100644
--- a/src/crypto/sha256.cpp
+++ b/src/crypto/sha256.cpp
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ namespace fc {
     }
     sha256 operator ^ ( const sha256& h1, const sha256& h2 ) {
       sha256 result;
-      result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0] ^ h2._hash[0];
-      result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1] ^ h2._hash[1];
-      result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2] ^ h2._hash[2];
-      result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3] ^ h2._hash[3];
+      result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0].value() ^ h2._hash[0].value();
+      result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1].value() ^ h2._hash[1].value();
+      result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2].value() ^ h2._hash[2].value();
+      result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3].value() ^ h2._hash[3].value();
       return result;
     }
     bool operator >= ( const sha256& h1, const sha256& h2 ) {
diff --git a/src/crypto/sha512.cpp b/src/crypto/sha512.cpp
index 4b82efe..d499314 100644
--- a/src/crypto/sha512.cpp
+++ b/src/crypto/sha512.cpp
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ namespace fc {
     }
     sha512 operator ^ ( const sha512& h1, const sha512& h2 ) {
       sha512 result;
-      result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0] ^ h2._hash[0];
-      result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1] ^ h2._hash[1];
-      result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2] ^ h2._hash[2];
-      result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3] ^ h2._hash[3];
-      result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4] ^ h2._hash[4];
-      result._hash[5] = h1._hash[5] ^ h2._hash[5];
-      result._hash[6] = h1._hash[6] ^ h2._hash[6];
-      result._hash[7] = h1._hash[7] ^ h2._hash[7];
+      result._hash[0] = h1._hash[0].value() ^ h2._hash[0].value();
+      result._hash[1] = h1._hash[1].value() ^ h2._hash[1].value();
+      result._hash[2] = h1._hash[2].value() ^ h2._hash[2].value();
+      result._hash[3] = h1._hash[3].value() ^ h2._hash[3].value();
+      result._hash[4] = h1._hash[4].value() ^ h2._hash[4].value();
+      result._hash[5] = h1._hash[5].value() ^ h2._hash[5].value();
+      result._hash[6] = h1._hash[6].value() ^ h2._hash[6].value();
+      result._hash[7] = h1._hash[7].value() ^ h2._hash[7].value();
       return result;
     }
     bool operator >= ( const sha512& h1, const sha512& h2 ) {